Lesson 25
ON EXTREME UNCTION AND HOLY ORDERS

"Unction" means the anointing or rubbing with oil or ointment. "Extreme"
means last. Therefore Extreme Unction means the last anointing. It is
called the "last" because other unctions or anointings are received
before it. We are anointed at Baptism on three parts of the body--on the
breast, the back, and the head. We are anointed on the forehead at
Confirmation; and when priests are ordained they are anointed on the
hands. The last time we are anointed is just before death, and it is
therefore very properly called the last anointing, or Extreme Unction.
But if the person should not die after being anointed would it still be
called Extreme Unction? Yes; because at the time it was given it was
thought to be the last. It sometimes happens that persons receive
Extreme Unction several times in their lives, because they could receive
it every time they were in danger of death by sickness. Suppose a person
should die immediately after being anointed in Baptism or Confirmation,
would the anointing in Baptism or Confirmation then become Extreme
Unction? No. Because Extreme Unction is in itself a separate and
distinct Sacrament--a special anointing with prayers for the sick. Oil
is used in Extreme Unction--as in Confirmation--as a sign of strength;
for as the priest applies the holy oil in the Sacrament, the grace of
the Sacrament is taking effect upon the soul. This Sacrament was
instituted as much for the body as for the soul, as all the prayers said
by the priest while administering it indicate. It is given generally
after a person has made his confession and received the Viaticum, and
when his soul is already in a state of grace; showing that it is in a
special way intended for the body. It must be given only in sickness;
for although one might be in danger of death if the danger did not come
from within, but from without, he could not be anointed. A soldier in
battle, persons being shipwrecked, firemen working at a great fire,
etc., could not be anointed, although they are in very great danger of
death; because the danger is not from within themselves, but from
without. If, however, these persons were so frightened that there was
danger of their dying from the fright, they could then be anointed.

271 Q. What is the Sacrament of Extreme Unction?
A. Extreme Unction is the Sacrament which, through the anointing and
prayer of the priest, gives health and strength to the soul, and
sometimes to the body, when we are in danger of death from sickness.

"Anointing." In this Sacrament the priest anoints all our senses--the
eyes, the ears, the nose, the mouth, the hands, and the feet--and at the
same time prays God to forgive the poor sick person all the sins he has
committed by any of these. The eyes, by looking at bad objects or
pictures; the ears, by listening to bad conversation; the nose, by
indulging too much in sensual pleasures; the mouth, by cursing, lying,
bad conversation, backbiting, etc.; the hands, by stealing, fighting, or
doing sinful things; the feet, by carrying us to do wrong or to bad
places. I told you already most of our sins are committed for our body,
and the senses are the chief instruments. "Strength to the body," if it
is for our spiritual welfare. If God foresees, as He foresees all
things, that after our sickness we shall lead better lives and do
penance for our sins, then He may be pleased to restore us to health,
and give us an opportunity of making up for our past faults. But if He
foresees that after our sickness we would again lead bad lives, and fall
perhaps into greater sins, then He will likely take us when we are
prepared, and will not restore us again to health. As He always knows
and does what is best for His children, we must in sickness always be
resigned to His holy will, and be satisfied with what He sees fit to do
with us.

*272 Q. When should we receive Extreme Unction?
A. We should receive Extreme Unction when we are in danger of death from
sickness, or from a wound or accident.

*273 Q. Should we wait until we are in extreme danger before we receive
Extreme Unction?
A. We should not wait until we are in extreme danger before we receive
Extreme Unction, but if possible we should receive it whilst we have the
use of our senses.

We should always be glad to receive the grace of the Sacraments. When,
therefore, we are sufficiently ill to be anointed--when there is any
danger of death--we should send for the priest at once. If the sick
person has any chance of recovering, the Sacrament will help him and
hasten the recovery; but if the priest is sent for just when the person
is in the last agony of death, the person could not recover except by a
miracle, and God does not perform miracles for ordinary reasons. If you
are in doubt whether the person is sick enough to receive the last
Sacraments, do not be the judge yourself, send for the priest and let
him judge; and then all the responsibility is removed from you in case
the person should die without the Sacraments. Very often persons are
near death, and their relatives do not know it. The priest, like the
doctor, has experience in these cases, and can judge of the danger.
Again, do not foolishly believe, as some seem to do, that if the priest
comes to anoint the sick person it will frighten him by making him think
he is going to die. It has never been known that the priest killed
anyone by coming to see him; and if these same persons who are now sick
receive the Sacraments in the church from the very same priest, why
should they be afraid to receive them from him in their house? And if
they are so near death that a little fright would kill them, then they
are surely sick enough to receive the Sacraments. The sick person who is
afraid that Extreme Unction will kill him or hasten his death shows that
he has not the proper faith and confidence in God's grace. They who do
not wish to receive Holy Communion or the Holy Viaticum in their houses
do not want Our Lord to visit them. How ungrateful they are! When Our
Lord was on earth the people carried the sick out into the streets to
lay them near Him that He might cure them. Now, He does not require us
to do that, but comes Himself to the sick in the most humble manner, and
they refuse to receive Him. See how ungrateful, therefore, and how
wanting in faith and devotion such persons are! If the sick person is
one who has been careless about his religion, and has for some time
neglected to receive the Sacraments, do not wait for him to ask for the
priest or for his consent to send for him. Few persons ever believe they
are so near death as they really are: they are afraid to think of their
past lives, and do not like to send for the priest, or at least they put
off doing so, frequently till it is too late. The devil tempts them to
put off the reception of the Sacraments, in hopes that they may die
without them, and be his forever. In these cases speak to the sick man
quietly and gently, and ask him if he would not like to have the priest
come and say a few prayers for his recovery. Do not say anything about
the Sacraments if you are afraid he will refuse. Simply bring the priest
to the sick man, and he will attend to all the rest. Even if the person
should refuse--if he has been baptized in the Catholic religion--send
for the priest and explain to him the circumstances and dispositions of
the sick man. It would be terrible to let such persons die without the
Sacraments if there is any possibility of their receiving them. Even
when they refuse to see the priest it generally happens that after he
has once visited them, talked to them, and explained the benefits of the
Sacraments, they are better pleased than anyone else to see him coming
again.

Sometimes it is God's goodness that sends sickness to such persons, to
bring them back to His worship and the practice of their religion. What
does a good father generally do with an unruly child? He advises and
warns it, and when words have no effect, punishes it with the rod, not
because he wishes to see it suffer, but for its good, that it may give
up its evil habits and become an obedient, loving child. In like manner
God warns sinners by their conscience, by sermons they hear, by
accidents or deaths around about them, etc.; and when none of these
things have any effect on them, He sends them some affliction--He brings
them to a bed of sickness. He punishes them, as it were, with a rod.
This He does, not that He may see them suffer, but for their good; that
they may understand He is their Master, the only one who can give them
health; that all the doctors and all the friends and money in the world
could not save them if He determined that they should die. Then they
come to know that the world is not their friend; then they see things as
they really are, and begin to think of the next world, of eternity, etc.
Thus they again turn to God and to the practices of religion. Many
persons who reform and begin to lead good lives in sickness would never
have changed if God had left them always in good health. But you must
not think that all who are sick are so on account of sin. Sometimes very
holy persons are in a state of sickness, and then it is sent them that
they may bear it patiently, and have great merit before God for their
sufferings, and thus become more holy. Again, very small children who
have never sinned are sick, and then it is perhaps that their parents
may have merit for patiently taking care of them. I say that God
sometimes sends sickness to persons living in sin for the purpose of
bringing them back to a better way of living, and in that case their
sickness is for them a great mercy from God, who might have allowed them
to continue in sin till His judgments and condemnation came suddenly
upon them.

274 Q. Which are the effects of the Sacrament of Extreme Unction?
A. The effects of Extreme Unction are: first, to comfort us in the pains
of sickness and to strengthen us against temptations; second, to remit
venial sins and to cleanse our soul from the remains of sin; third, to
restore us to health when God sees fit.

*275 Q. What do you mean by the remains of sin?
A. By the remains of sin I mean the inclination to evil and the weakness
of the will, which are the result of our sins and which remain after our
sins have been forgiven.

"Remains of sin"--that is, chiefly the bad habits we have acquired by
sin. If a person does a thing very often, he soon begins to do it very
easily, and it becomes, as we say, a habit. So, too, a person who sins
very much soon begins to sin easily. This Sacrament therefore takes away
the ease in sinning and the desire for past sins acquired by frequently
committing them.

*276 Q. How should we receive the Sacrament of Extreme Unction?
A. We should receive the Sacrament of Extreme Unction in a state of
grace and with lively faith and resignation to the will of God.

*277 Q. Who is the minister of the Sacrament of Extreme Unction?
A. The priest is the minister of the Sacrament of Extreme Unction.

The Sacraments that the priest administers in the house are the
Sacraments for the sick; namely, Penance, Viaticum, or Holy Communion,
and Extreme Unction. The other Sacraments may be administered there in
special cases of necessity. You should know what things are to be
prepared when the priest comes to administer the Sacraments in your
house. They are as follows: A small table covered with a clean white
cloth, and on it a crucifix and one or two lighted candles in
candlesticks; some holy water in a small vessel, with a sprinkler which
you can make by tying together a few leaves or small pieces of palm; a
glass of clean water, a tablespoon, and a napkin for the sick person to
hold under the chin while receiving; also a piece of white cotton
wadding, if the priest should ask for it.

Then you may have ready in another place near at hand some water, a
towel, and a piece of bread or lemon for purifying the priest's fingers;
but these things are not always necessary: still, it would be better to
have them ready in case the priest should require them, so as not to
keep him waiting. Every good Catholic family should have all these
things put away carefully in the house. It would be well, though it is
not necessary, to keep a special spoon, napkin, etc., for that purpose
alone. Sometimes persons are taken ill very suddenly in the night, and
when the priest comes they have none of the things they should have; and
if their neighbors are as careless as themselves, they will not have
them either: so the priest is delayed in giving the Sacraments, or is
obliged to administer them in a way that is always disrespectful to Our
Lord. If we would make such preparations for the coming of a friend to
our house, why should we be so careless when Our Lord comes? If a friend
comes when we are not prepared to receive him, we feel very much
ashamed, and make a thousand excuses for our want of thought. Therefore
provide the things necessary for the administration of these Sacraments
in your house, and keep them though they may be seldom if ever required
in your family.

When Our Lord comes to visit your house receive Him with all possible
respect and reverence. Some good Catholics have the very praiseworthy
practice of meeting the priest at the door with a lighted candle when he
carries the Blessed Sacrament, and of going before him to the sickroom.
This can be done where there is only one family living in the house, or
at least in the apartment. All who can do this should do it, because it
is in keeping with the wish of the Church. In olden times, and even now
in Catholic countries, the priest brings the Blessed Sacrament in
procession to the sick. He goes vested as for Benediction, accompanied
by altar boys with lighted candles and bells. The people kneel by the
way as Our Lord passes. Our Lord is carried in procession always in the
church and on the feast of Corpus Christi, on Holy Thursday, and during
the Devotion of Forty Hours. The Church would like to have this solemn
procession in honor of Our Lord every time the Blessed Sacrament is
brought from one place to another. But this cannot always be done in the
streets, because there are many persons not Catholics who would insult
Our Lord while passing along; and in order to prevent this, the priest
brings the Blessed Sacrament to the dying without any outward display.
But we should always remember the very great respect due to Our Lord,
and do all we can to show it when possible.

278 Q. What is the Sacrament of Holy Orders?
A. Holy Orders is a Sacrament by which bishops, priests, and other
ministers of the Church are ordained and receive the power and grace to
perform their sacred duties.

"Other ministers," means deacons and subdeacons, properly so-called.
When a young man goes to study for the priesthood--after he has
discovered that God has called him to that sacred office--he passes
several years in learning what is necessary, and in fitting himself for
his sacred duties. After some time he receives what is called tonsure;
that is, on the day of ordination the bishop cuts a little hair from
five places on his head, to show that this young man is giving himself
up to God. The tonsure is a mark of the clerical state, and in Catholic
countries it is made manifest by keeping a small circular spot on the
crown of the head shaved perfectly clean. It reminds the cleric or
priest of having dedicated himself to God, and also of the crown of
thorns worn by Our Blessed Saviour. For this reason some of the holy
monks shaved all the hair from their head, with the exception of a
little ring, which resembles very much a wreath or crown of hair
encircling the head. You often see them thus represented in holy
pictures.

After the young student has received the tonsure and studied for a
longer time, he receives the four Minor Orders, by which he is permitted
to touch the sacred vessels of the altar, and do certain things about
the church which laymen have not the right to do, especially to serve
Mass. After more preparation he becomes a subdeacon, and then he may
wear vestments and assist the celebrant at Solemn Mass. At a Solemn Mass
there are three priests in vestments. The priest standing on the
platform of the altar and celebrating Mass is called the celebrant; the
one who stands just behind him, generally one step lower, is called the
deacon, and the one who stands behind the deacon and on the lower step
is called the subdeacon. The one who directs the whole ceremony, and
gives signs to the others when to stand, sit down, or kneel, is called
the Master of Ceremonies.

When speaking of the Mass, I forgot to tell you something about the
different kinds of Masses--that is, different as far as the ceremonies
are concerned, for they are all alike in value. First we have the Low
Mass, such as the priest says every day and at the early hours on
Sundays. It is called low, because there is no display in ceremony about
it. Next we have the High Mass--called Missa Cantata (sung)--at which
the priest and choir sing in turn. Lastly, we have the Solemn High Mass,
at which we have three ministers or priests, and singing by both
ministers and choir, as well as all the ceremonies prescribed by the
Church. When any of these Masses are said in black vestments they are
called Requiem Masses, because the priest offers them for the rest or
happy repose of the soul of some dead person or persons, and the word
requiem means rest. Vespers is a portion of the Divine Office of the
Church. It is sung generally on Sunday afternoon or evening in the
church, and is usually followed by Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.
It is not a mortal sin to stay from Vespers on Sundays, even willfully,
because there is no law of the Church obliging you to attend.
Nevertheless all good Catholics will attend Vespers when possible.

To continue about the ministers of the Church: When the subdeacon is
ordained a deacon, he can wear still more of the priestly vestments, and
also baptize solemnly, preach, and give Holy Communion. After a time the
deacon is ordained a priest, and receives power to celebrate Mass and
forgive sins. If afterwards the priest should be selected by the Holy
Father to be a bishop, he is consecrated; and then he has power to
administer Confirmation and Holy Orders, ordaining priests and
consecrating bishops. Thus you see there are grades through which the
ministers of the Church must pass. First the tonsure, then Minor Orders,
then subdeaconship, then deaconship, then priesthood. Nuns, Sisters,
Brothers, etc., are not, as some might think, ministers of the Church,
because they have never received any of the Holy Orders.

The ordained ministers of the Church can perform the duties of any
office for which they have ever been ordained, but not the duties of any
office above that to which they have been ordained. For example, a
subdeacon cannot take the place of a deacon at Mass, nor a deacon the
place of a priest; but a priest may take either of their places, because
he has, at one time, been ordained to both these offices.

Altar boys should never forget that they are enjoying a very great
privilege in being allowed to take the place of an ordained minister of
the Church, and serve Mass without being ordained acolytes.

In olden times princes and noblemen used to seek for this wonderful
favor, and count themselves happy if they secured it. Think of it! To
stand so near our Blessed Lord that they are able to see His sacred body
resting upon the altar, and to offer the wine, which a few minutes later
is changed into His very blood!

*279 Q. What is necessary to receive Holy Orders worthily?
A. To receive Holy Orders worthily it is necessary to be in the state of
grace, to have the necessary knowledge, and a divine call to this sacred
office.

"Knowledge"--that is, to be able to learn and to have learned all that a
priest should know.

"Divine call," explained before in the explanation of vocation, a word
that means call. (See Lesson 6, Q. 51.)

*280 Q. How should Christians look upon the priests of the Church?
A. Christians should look upon the priests of the Church as the
messengers of God and the dispensers of His mysteries.

"Messengers." Our Lord said to His Apostles: "As the Father sent Me, I
also send you." That is, as the heavenly Father sent His Beloved Son,
Our Lord, into the world to save men's souls, so Our Lord sends His
Apostles and their successors through the world to save souls. God told
the priests of the Old Law that if they did not warn the people of
coming dangers they would be held responsible for the people; but if
they warned the people and the people did not heed, then the people
would be responsible for their own destruction. So, too, in the New Law
the priests warn you against sin, and if you do not heed the warning the
loss of your soul will be upon yourself. Therefore you should take every
warning coming from the ministers of God as you would from Himself, for
it is really God that warns you against sin, and the priests are only
His agents or instruments. "Dispensers"--that is, those who administer
the Sacraments.

*281 Q. Who can confer the Sacrament of Holy Orders?
A. Bishops can confer the Sacrament of Holy Orders.

"Confer"--that is, give or administer. So can a cardinal, if he be a
bishop, and so can the Holy Father, who is always a bishop, and called
bishop of Rome, while Pope of the whole Church. It will be well here to
give some explanation about cardinals--who they are, and what they do.
In the United States the President has about him ten prominent men
selected by himself, and called his Cabinet. They are his advisers; he
consults them on all important matters, and assigns to them various
duties. The Holy Father, who is also a ruler--a spiritual ruler--not of
one country, but of the whole world, has also a Cabinet, but it is not
called by that name: it is called the Sacred College of Cardinals. There
are seventy cardinals, to whom the Pope assigns various works in helping
him to govern the Church. Some of these cardinals are in different parts
of the world, as our own cardinals right here in America. There are
cardinals in England, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, etc., but a
certain number always remain in Rome with the Holy Father. When a bishop
is made cardinal he is raised in dignity in the Church, but he does not
receive any greater spiritual power than he had when only a bishop. The
cardinals, owing to their high dignity, have many privileges which
bishops have not. Their greatest privilege is to take part in the
election of a new Pope when the reigning Pope dies.

The Pope dresses in white, the cardinals in red, the bishops in purple,
and the priests and other ministers in black. A "Monsignor" is also a
title of dignity granted by our Holy Father to some worthy priests. It
gives them certain privileges, and the right to wear purple like a
bishop. The "Vicar General" is one who is appointed by the bishop in the
diocese, and shares his power. In the bishop's absence he acts as bishop
in all temporal and worldly matters and also in some spiritual things,
concerning the diocese. A diocese is the extent of country over which a
bishop is appointed to rule, as a parish is the extent over which a
pastor is appointed to administer the Sacraments and rule under the
direction of the bishop. Pastors are also called rectors. Pastor means a
shepherd, and rector means a ruler; and as all pastors rule their
flocks, pastor and rector mean about the same.

An archbishop is higher than a bishop, though he has no more spiritual
power than a bishop. The district over which an archbishop rules
contains several dioceses with their bishops, and is called an
ecclesiastical province. The bishops in the province are called
suffragan bishops, because subject in some things to the authority of
the archbishop, who is also called the metropolitan, because bishop of a
metropolis or chief city of the province over which he presides.

The archbishop can wear the pallium, a garment worn by the Pope, and
sent by him to patriarchs, primates, and archbishops. It is a band of
white wool, worn over the shoulders and around the neck after the manner
of a stole. It has two strings of the same material and four black or
purple crosses worked upon it. It is the symbol of the plenitude of
pastoral jurisdiction conferred by the Holy See. Morally speaking, it
reminds the wearer how the good shepherd seeks the lost sheep and brings
it home upon his shoulders, and how the loving pastor of souls should
seek those spiritually lost and bring them back to the Church, the true
fold of Christ.